Spectrum Journal of Innovation, Reforms and Development
Spectrum Journal of Innovation, Reforms and Development provides the opportunity to the authors to publish their original research articles in Multidisciplinary field. Spectrum Journal of Innovation, Reforms and Development is an open access peer reviewed monthly journal. The journal is refereed and follows the ethics and practices of ethical open access publishing. All the manuscripts received for publication passes through extensive double blind peer review process. The journal covers the multidisciplinary areas of Engineering, Technology, Management, Sciences and Humanities. Authors can submit their original manuscripts for peer review. Frequency of Publication: Monthly Acceptance Notification: 45 Days Languages: English and German ISSN (Online): 2751-1731 JIF 2024: 8.975 SJIF 2024: 6.935
INVESTIGATION OF THE FRACTURE ZONE IN A ROCK MASS DURING THE EXPLOITATION OF UPLAND DEPOSITS
Mass, allowing us to determine both the size of weakened zones and the degree of weakening of the rock mass at any point in the massif. To assess the weakening of rock mass in upland deposits at various distances depending on the number of explosive charges detonated before and after the blast, core samples were taken from seven boreholes, drilled every 3 meters from the free surface into the massif to a depth of 20 meters. To determine the size of the zones of weakening of the rock massif strength, an express method was used using the method of water absorption of the massif.
Blasting operations, weakening of rock mass by blasting, method, parameters of blasting operations, experiment, sizes of weakening zones, industrial testing, parameters of drilling and blasting operations, fracturing of the massif.
EVALUATION OF THE EFFICACY OF ANGIOTENSIN II RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS (LOSARTAN) ON THE STATE OF CENTRAL HEMODYNAMICS IN PATIENTS WITH THYROTOXICOSIS SYNDROME
Purpose of the study– to study the effectiveness of the drug losartan on the state of central hemodynamics in patients with thyrotoxicosis syndrome. Material and methods of research. Clinical data collection was carried out at the City Clinical Hospital No. 1 in Andijan 63 people were examined, including 47 women, 16 men, average age49.2±1.62years (for women -47±1.76years, for men -42±2.6years). Patients with thyrotoxicosis syndrome, depending on the disease, were divided into the following 5 groups: patients with diffuse toxic goiter 50% - DTG- (32 people), multinodular goiter - MUZ-11.6% (7 people), autoimmune thyroiditis - AIT-16.7% (11 people), thyrotoxic adenoma - TA-6.7% (4 people) and mixed toxic goiter - MS-15% (9 people). Research methods – general clinical, biochemical (bilirubin, direct, indirect, ALT, AST, PTI, coagulogram, CRP), hormonal (TSH, free thyroxine, antibodies to thyroid peroxidase, to thyroglobulin and thyrocyte receptors, prolactin in the blood),anthropometric calculations (height (cm), weight (kg), BMI (kg/m2), waist circumference, waist circumference) and instrumental: ECG, echo-ECG, ultrasound of the thyroid gland, internal organs, chest X-ray Research results.The study revealed significant changes that suggest that losartan therapy reverses left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and improves its structural characteristics in patients with hyperthyroidism syndrome. Left atrial (LA) dilation was found to be a precursor to LVH. Combined use of losartan demonstrated the ability to significantly reduce the size of the left atrium, which was enlarged in most patients examined. Consequently, the observed statistically significant reduction in LA size from 4.42 ± 0.08 to 3.81 ± 0.09 cm (p < 0.05) can be interpreted as a positive effect of losartan therapy. Conclusions.The inclusion of losartan, an angiotensin II receptor blocker, in combination therapy including beta-blockers and antithyroid drugs, against the background of achieved compensation of thyrotoxicosis, led to regression of left ventricular hypertrophy, restoration of sinus rhythm in 43% of patients and a statistically significant improvement in blood pressure.
Thyrotoxicosis, treatment of complications.
FEATURES OF CENTRAL HEMODYNAMICS IN PATIENTS WITH DIFFUSE TOXIC GOITER
The aim of the study isto study the features of central hemodynamics in patients with diffuse toxic goiter. Material and methods of research. 32 people were examined, including 22 women, 10 men, average age49.2±1.62years (for women -47±1.76years, for men -42±2.6years) Research methods – general clinical, biochemical (bilirubin, direct, indirect, ALT, AST, PTI, coagulogram, CRP), hormonal (TSH, free thyroxine, antibodies to thyroid peroxidase, to thyroglobulin and thyrocyte receptors, prolactin in the blood),anthropometric calculations (height (cm), weight (kg), BMI (kg/m2), waist circumference, waist circumference) and instrumental: ECG, echo-ECG, ultrasound of the thyroid gland, internal organs, chest X-ray Research results. When analyzing echocardiography data in patients with thyrotoxicosis syndromevisiblethat in the general group of patients, a reliable decrease in the indicators of end-diastolic volume and end-diastolic volume and a reliable decrease in the ratio of peaks E and A in relation to the control were observed. An analysis of echocardiography parameters in patients with thyrotoxicosis depending on the clinical form showed that in the overt form, the EDV and ESV values, peak E, and the E/A ratio are significantly reduced. In the subclinical form, the IVS and peak A values are significantly increased, and a significant decrease in ESV is observed. Conclusions.Echocardiographic signs of hemodynamic disturbances in thyrotoxicosis can be detected even before the manifestation of clinical symptoms of thyrotoxic heart disease.
SUGARY DIABETES IN THE MODEL RATS LARGE SALIVA IN THE GLANDS DEGENERATIVE-DYSTROPHIC OF PROCESSES MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
In this study, the degenerative-dystrophic processes that develop in the major salivary glands of rats under the conditions of an experimental model of diabetes mellitus were morphologically evaluated. The aim of the work was to comprehensively characterize the structural reconstructions that occur in the parenchyma and stromal components against the background of metabolic shifts characteristic of diabetes. A streptozotocin-induced diabetes model was used as a methodology; samples taken from the submandibular, preauricular and sublingual salivary glands were analyzed by histological staining and morphometry. The scientific novelty is to substantiate the simultaneous occurrence of microcirculatory disorders, atrophy of the secretory departments, reactive reconstruction of the ductal epithelium and stromal fibrosis in the major salivary glands in diabetes as an interrelated cascade. The results indicate that the identification of morphological markers corresponding to ischemia and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of diabetic sialadenopathy is of diagnostic and preventive approaches for important that it is shows.
Sugary diabetes; major saliva glands; degenerative-dystrophic processes; microcirculation; fibrosis; morphometry; rat model.
GA-OPTIMIZED PID CONTROL STRATEGY FOR AUTOMATIC GENERATION CONTROL IN TWO-AREA INTERCONNECTED POWER SYSTEMS
This paper compares the load frequency control of a two-area linked power system using genetic algorithm-optimized PID (GA-PID) controllers and conventional proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers. Three scenarios—without any controller, with a conventional PID controller, and with an optimized GA-PID system—are simulated for frequency deviation reactions under load perturbations. The two-area system's complete dynamic model is developed. The efficacy of each control approach is evaluated using key metrics such as steady-state frequency deviation, overshoot, and settling time. Simulation findings show that, in comparison to the uncontrolled system and the typical PID controller, the GA-PID controller significantly reduces frequency deviations and increases system stability. The new controller dampens oscillations faster and is more resilient to load perturbations. These findings imply that evolutionary optimization techniques, such as genetic algorithms, can effectively improve controller performance in complex power system applications.
Two-Area Power System (TAPS), Load Frequency Control (LFC), frequency deviation (Δf), PID controller, Genetic Algorithm GA.
MAIN TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL RAW MATERIALS USED IN THE PRODUCTION OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
The rapid development of modern industry and the construction sector has intensified the need for rational utilization of natural resources. Due to the limited availability of natural raw materials, there is an increasing demand for their conservation, recycling, and the development of alternative materials. As a result, the concept of artificial raw materials has emerged and is now widely applied across various industries. This article presents an overview of artificial raw materials and analyzes their principal physical and chemical properties.
Mineral, organic, construction materials, ceramics, glass, industrial waste, efficiency.
TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC FOUNDATIONS FOR THE CONSTRUCTION AND RECONSTRUCTION OF ENTERPRISES PRODUCING CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS
The construction materials industry represents one of the key sectors of the national economy. The continuous growth of construction volumes, along with the increasing demand for energy-efficient and environmentally sustainable materials, necessitates the expansion and modernization of production capacities within this sector. The development of a feasibility study (technical and economic justification) is an essential stage in the construction and reconstruction of enterprises, as it enables a preliminary assessment of project efficiency and viability. This article examines the technical and economic foundations underlying the reconstruction and modernization of manufacturing enterprises.
Enterprise, construction materials and products, construction stages, preparatory stage, design stage, operation stage, reconstruction, modernization.
METHODOLOGY FOR THE EXPERIMENTAL IMPLEMENTATION OF LIME-WASTE-BASED GYPSUM CONCRETE
The present study investigates the methodology for the production of gypsum concrete based on lime waste and Redispersible Polymer Powder (RPP), together with the assessment of its technical and economic efficiency. Experimental gypsum concrete compositions containing different amounts of lime waste and RPP were prepared and tested under controlled curing conditions. The introduction of lime waste and RPP made it possible to reduce gypsum consumption by up to 25% while maintaining high strength and density of the gypsum concrete products. The optimum preparation procedure included sequential mixing of lime waste, RPP additive, and G-6 grade gypsum under controlled mixing speeds and curing conditions. Economic analysis showed that the modified gypsum concrete has a lower production cost compared with conventional gypsum concrete. The economic benefit from producing 1 m³ of gypsum concrete under industrial conditions amounted to 91,940 UZS, while the projected annual economic effect reached 1,654,920,000 UZS. The developed composition was successfully tested under the production conditions of Ferghana Ceramics Industry LLC and demonstrated improved durability, reduced binder consumption, and enhanced structural performance.
Gypsum concrete, lime waste, Redispersible Polymer Powder, RPP, gypsum binder, industrial waste, energy-efficient technology, economic efficiency, production methodology, durability, strength, density, construction materials.
INFRARED SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF GYPSUM CONCRETE MATERIALS
This study investigates the infrared spectral characteristics of gypsum concrete materials prepared using lime waste and Redispersible Polymer Powder (RPP). The objective was to determine the changes occurring in the mineralogical and chemical composition of gypsum concrete after the addition of 1% RPP. Infrared spectroscopy was applied to compare gypsum concrete specimens prepared without RPP and with 1% RPP. The obtained spectra revealed significant changes in the absorption bands located at 2343–2358 cm⁻¹, 2850–2922 cm⁻¹, and 3390 cm⁻¹. The appearance of new absorption peaks and the increase in their intensity indicate the formation of new mineral phases and stronger chemical bonds. The bands observed in the regions of 596–665 cm⁻¹, 877–1111 cm⁻¹, and 1465–1683 cm⁻¹ correspond to silicates, carbonates, and water-related functional groups. The increase in the intensity of OH-group vibrations and polymer-related absorption bands confirms the enhanced degree of polymerization and hydration in the modified gypsum concrete. The results demonstrate that the incorporation of 1% RPP into lime-waste-based gypsum concrete contributes to the formation of high-strength compounds and improves the structural properties of the material.
Gypsum concrete, lime waste, Redispersible Polymer Powder, infrared spectroscopy, absorption bands, polymerization, hydration, silicates, carbonates, mineral phases, gypsum binder, structural properties.
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF NOUN FORMATION METHODS IN UZBEK AND RUSSIAN
This article examines the primary methods of noun formation in the Uzbek and Russian languages. Particular attention is devoted to a comparative analysis of word-formation models, given that Uzbek and Russian belong to distinct linguistic systems: Uzbek is an agglutinative language, while Russian is an inflectional one. The study analyzes suffixation, prefixation, combined prefixation-suffixation, compounding, and zero derivation as methods of noun formation. Based on specific examples, the commonalities and distinctive features of word formation in the two languages are identified. The research results indicate that in Uzbek, affixation—specifically suffixation—plays a leading role; conversely, in Russian, prefixation, combined prefixation-suffixation, and zero derivation function actively alongside suffixation. A comparative study of these languages holds significant importance for linguistics, translation studies, and the methodology of teaching Russian and Uzbek.
Noun, word formation, Uzbek language, Russian language, suffixation, affixation, languages of different systems, comparative analysis, derivative word, word-formation model.
TEACHING STUDENTS SAFETY MEASURES WHEN TEACHING THE SUBJECT “CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ALKALI METALS” IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS
This article studies the kinetic properties of the reactions of alkali metals (lithium, sodium, potassium, etc.) with water and various chemical reagents. The study analyzes the rate of reactions, the temperature affecting them (concentration, nature of the metallurgy, and surface area).
Alkali metal, reaction kinetics, reaction with water, chemical reaction table, sodium, potassium, lithium, exothermic reaction, hydrogen evolution, safety techniques, laboratory experiments, chemical temperature, reactivity, temperature effect, concentration.
A REVIEW IN RELATIVE H-ALGEBRA AND MOD-THEORY
This study presents a comprehensive overview of contemporary developments in Gorenstein homological algebra (GH-algebra), with Special Consciousness in relative framework which overcame the classical constraint of isotropic dimensions in irregular rings. We suggest a methodological development of Gorenstein projective, injective, and flat modules (Gproj, inj and F-Mod), moving from their initial conceptualization in the mid-1990s to recent generalizations involving semidualizing modules(S-Mod) and Foxby classes(F-classes). This article highlights the important role of test modules(T-Mod) in detecting the finiteness of homological dimensions(H-dimensions), effectively generalizing the classical Auslander–Buchsbaum–Serre theorem (ABS theorem) for irregular environments. Furthermore, we examine the applications of relative Gorenstein homological algebra (GH-algebra) in reformulating foundational results, such as the relative Gorenstein counterpart of Hilbert’s Syzygy Theorem (GC-Hilbert’s Syzygy Theorem). The paper also covers the latest breakthroughs for 2024–2026 and 2026. which includes a classification of acyclic Auslander–Gorenstein algebras (AG-algebras) and results on the idea of τ-tilt(τ-t) over skewed group monomial algebras to rank them Broken trends, the article identifies crucial gaps in in current literature such as the projective flat (pro-flat) problem and analogs over group rings and an integrated theoretical roadmap. This study is an essential and useful resource for researchers. and graduate students trying to navigate an increasingly complex of ring theory, representation theory (R-theory) and relative homological algebra (RH-algebra).
G-algebra, RH-dimensions, F-classes, T-Mod, S-Mod, τ-t theory.
CURRENT ISSUES OF DEVELOPING YOUTH SPIRITUALITY IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBALIZATION
This article examines the contemporary problems of developing youth spirituality under conditions of globalization. The analysis proceeds from a broad understanding of spirituality as a system of values, meanings, moral self-regulation, cultural memory, social responsibility, and the capacity for reflective life orientation. Globalization has expanded young people’s access to education, information, intercultural communication, and civic participation, yet it has also intensified identity fragmentation, digital dependency, value relativism, consumer pressure, inequality, and psychological vulnerability.
Youth spirituality, globalization, identity, values, digital culture, moral development, civic responsibility, education, social-emotional learning.
ENHANCEMENT OF WALL INSULATION AND REDUCTION OF HEAT GAIN IN BUILDINGS USING A NEW MODEL BRICK: LITERATURE REVIEW
This paper reviews recent advancements in insulating brick technologies aimed at reducing heat gain through building walls, focusing on hollow, multi-chambered, and material-enhanced brick configurations. Given the high contribution of walls to thermal loads in hot climates, integrating insulation directly within brick units emerges as a practical and energy-efficient solution. The study highlights both numerical and experimental investigations validating the role of geometry optimization, phase change materials (PCMs), and waste-derived additives in improving thermal resistance. The analysis also considers the environmental and economic benefits of sustainable materials. Findings suggest that the integration of advanced insulation strategies within brick structures significantly enhances building energy performance, making them suitable for future climate-resilient construction.
Thermal insulation, Hollow bricks, new model brick, Phase change materials (PCMs), Heat gain reduction, Building envelope, Sustainable construction, Numerical simulation, Material additives, Energy efficiency, Eco-friendly bricks, Thermal conductivity.
IMPROVING ORGANIZATION PROCESS BY ADOPTING AND IMPLEMENTATION TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT ON SUSTAINABILITY SYSTEMS AND PLANNING AS A MEDIATOR IN STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE
The applicability of the Total Quality Management (TQM) may be self-evident to every business but we have successfully provided an example of its significant impact on Sustainability (SU) along with the critical importance of Planning (PL) as an intermediary. We placed our attention in a few aspects instead of one approach; in such a way, we also paid attention to the broad issues to effectively address any met challenges. The degree of maturity required in firms has been made as an important criterion in assessment of sustainability. The framework will provide the reader or practitioner who is implementing this study with a comprehensive insight into whole quality management. Administrative and organisational capabilities were also a key factor to the correct definition of the dynamics of the variables in the sustainability systems. We have recognized the importance of providing a holistic explanation of the current changes in the sustainability; hence organisations should determine the specific path that they want to take in their respective areas of operation to enhance their organisational capabilities. As a mediating variable, planning plays a vital role in this study, and it suggests the necessity of a significant role in the improvement of progressive creativity at all times. A sample of )140( employees was selected from Wasit University (Iraq), yielding )136( valid responses to the administered questionnaire; (4) responses were not retrieved. A )7 ( point Likert scale and the )SPSS( software were utilized as the primary tools for generating statistical results. All three formulated hypotheses were supported.
Total Quality Management, Sustainability, Planning, Employees, Organization.
INTEGRATING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNOLOGIES TO FOSTER LOGICAL THINKING IN MATHEMATICS EDUCATION
In the context of educational digitalization and the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI), the development of students’ logical thinking has become a central goal of modern mathematics education. Beyond procedural skills, students must be able to analyze, justify, and construct reasoned solutions independently. Particular importance is given to Natural Language Processing (NLP) and AI-based automated analysis and evaluation systems, which enable the examination of students’ reasoning expressed in natural language. NLP can analyze written and verbal explanations, identify logical structures, detect misconceptions, and provide meaningful feedback, while automated evaluation systems offer objective and timely assessment of problem-solving strategies and argumentation quality. Thus, this study aims to provide a scientific and methodological justification for the effective use of these AI tools to support the development of logical thinking in mathematics education within a digital learning environment.
Artificial intelligence, logical thinking, mathematics education, natural language processing, automated analysis, automated evaluation, AI-based assessment, mathematical reasoning.
RESULTS OF THE INTEGRATED RISK ANALYSISRECURRENCE OF GROWTH OF INACTIVE PITUITARY ADENOMAS IN THE POSTOPERATIVE PERIOD
The aim of the study was to perform an integrated analysis of risk factors for recurrence of non-functional pituitary adenomas (NFPA) in the postoperative period. Materials and methods of the study. We studied 20 patients with NFPA (group 1 - 10 pituitary macroadenomas and group 2 - 10 giant pituitary adenomas) who underwent transnasal pituitary adenomectomy. All patients underwent examinations, including fundus examination, visual field measurement every 3 months, studies of the levels of STH, IGF-1, LH, FSH, ACTH, TSH, prolactin, free thyroxine, cortisol, as well as immunohistochemical studies of operated patients to determine the levels of Ki67, p53 expression. Results.The analysis showed that the most valuable predictors of tumor recurrence in NFPA are the Ki-67 labeling index ≥4% (OR = 3.67), brain invasion (3.34), suprasellar invasion (OR = 3.24), and disease duration (2.95). Genetic predisposition is also significant in the development of tumor recurrence. The frequency of the hereditary factor for NAG is 78.78% (OR = 2.51). Conclusions. 1. The immunohistochemical (IHC) studies showed a significant correlation between the Ki-67 marker, tumor size, and invasiveness in both groups. This marker should be used as a prognostic criterion for recurrence of growth and invasive growth of NFPA Using logistic regression analysis (LRA), we were able to show that all four criteria (Ki-67 (p < 0.001); OR 5.2 // p53 (p < 0.001); OR 2.1 // invasiveness (p < 0.001); OR 8.2)) were significant for the group with giant NAG and a reliable correlation was found between them (p < 0.001).
NFPA, IHC, proliferation markers, correlation.
MICROCLIMATE PROPERTIES OF INDUSTRIAL PREMISES
This paper classifies industrial microclimates based on their impact on workers. It is shown that air movement in industrial spaces is generated by convection currents resulting from uneven heating of air masses from heat sources, which is influenced by outside wind, machinery, mechanisms, and electric motors.
Classification, microclimate, air, temperature, humidity, convection flow, intensity, infrared radiation.
COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT OF FIRE RISK OF POLYMER MATERIALS AND METHODS FOR ITS MINIMIZATION
This study provides a detailed scientific examination of the fire hazards posed by combustible polymer materials, focusing on the physicochemical reactions that occur during their combustion and the associated risk factors in emergency situations. Special emphasis is given to the generation of toxic thermal decomposition products, the intensity of heat release, and the rapid spread of flames. The paper also explores contemporary strategies for mitigating fire-related risks, such as modifying polymers for flame resistance, implementing automated fire detection systems, and utilizing advanced monitoring technologies.
Polymer materials, fire hazard, emergency, thermal decomposition, toxic gases, safety technologies.
PEDAGOGICAL STRATEGIES FOR ENHANCING INTERPERSONAL ACTIVITY IN PRESCHOOL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
The development of interpersonal activity is one of the key aspects of social and psychological growth in preschool children. Educational institutions play an important role in creating conditions that support children's communication, cooperation, and emotional interaction. This study investigates pedagogical strategies used in preschool education to enhance interpersonal activity among children. The research analyzes the effectiveness of interactive teaching methods, cooperative learning activities, and role-playing techniques. Statistical data obtained through classroom observation and teacher evaluation demonstrate that modern pedagogical approaches significantly improve children's social interaction and communication skills. The findings highlight the importance of structured educational environments and teacher guidance in promoting interpersonal competence in early childhood education.
Preschool education, interpersonal activity, pedagogical strategies, social interaction, early childhood development, cooperative learning, communication skills, child psychology, educational methods, social competence.
LINGUODIDACTIC ASPECTS OF ANALYZING MODERN PROSE: FROM LITERARY DISCOURSE TO A DYNAMIC WORLDVIEW
This paper addresses the challenge of integrating contemporary literary texts into the practice of teaching Russian as a foreign language. The author analyzes how subjective nomination and artistic heterotopias form an understanding of changing Russian reality in the minds of foreign students.
Worldview; glocalization; artistic discourse; heterotopia; subjective nomination.
THE TEST OF CHARACTER BY WAR AND TIME: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF V. RASPUTIN'S «LIVE AND REMEMBER», CH. AITMATOV'S «FACE TO FACE» AND S. AHMAD'S «HORIZON»
This article undertakes a detailed comparative analysis of three notable works of Soviet literature created during the Thaw and Stagnation periods: Valentin Rasputin's novella «Live and Remember», Chingiz Aitmatov's novella «Face to Face», and Said Ahmad's novel «Horizon». The primary focus is on the problem of moral choice that the characters face in the difficult circumstances of wartime and in subsequent historical periods. The spatio-temporal characteristics of each work are examined. The article notes how the authors depict the internal conflict between a sense of duty and the voice of conscience, and what artistic means they use to convey this drama. The theme of changes in human character under the influence of trauma and upheaval, both military and social, is also considered. By analyzing these changes, we strive to understand what remains immutable in a person and which values prove to be the most resilient.
War prose, moral choice, chronotope, desertion, conscience, memory, Rasputin, Aitmatov, Ahmad.
CREDIT–MODULE SYSTEM IN HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS (EUROPEAN SYSTEM)
The article highlights the key principles of the credit–module system (ECTS) formed within the European Higher Education Area (EHEA), the distribution of credits within the three-cycle (bachelor–master–doctorate) structure, and a comparison of the application of the 180 and 240 ECTS models at the bachelor level based on real statistical data from the 2010/11 academic year. It also analyzes the stages of introducing the credit–module system in Uzbekistan’s higher education system on the basis of the concept and government decisions adopted for the period up to 2030, as well as target indicators (including the task of transferring 85% of higher education institutions to the credit–module system by 2030). Based on secondary data analysis and a review of regulatory and legal documents, the paper discusses adapting the European ECTS model to Uzbekistan’s conditions, increasing the share of students’ independent work, changes in teachers’ assessment practices, and integration of the educational process with management information systems. The Results section presents a real statistical table and a bar chart reflecting the distribution of 180- and 240-credit programmes across EHEA countries. The Discussion section considers, along with the advantages of the credit–module system, issues such as ensuring workload–credit balance, digital competencies, and the reliability of assessment, and provides practical recommendations for higher education institutions of Uzbekistan.
Credit–module system, ECTS, European Higher Education Area (EHEA), three-cycle system, bachelor, master, Uzbekistan, education reforms.
DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES IN MATHEMATICS EDUCATION AND THEIR DIDACTIC POSSIBILITIES: THEORETICAL-METHODOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS, METHODICAL MODEL, AND ASSESSMENT MECHANISMS
The integration of digital technologies into mathematics education has accelerated globally, driven by the need for resilient learning systems and the potential to enhance pedagogical practices. This paper examines the theoretical foundations, didactic possibilities, and assessment mechanisms associated with using digital tools in mathematics teaching. It proposes a didactic-methodological model grounded in constructivism, the TPACK framework, and competence-based approaches. The model outlines a structured process from input conditions to learning outcomes, emphasizing the role of tools like Dynamic Geometry Software (DGS), Computer Algebra Systems (CAS), and AI-powered platforms. Analysis of international assessment data, such as PISA and TALIS, reveals a complex landscape: while moderate use of digital devices for learning correlates with higher mathematics scores [1], challenges related to teacher preparedness, equity, and cognitive overload persist. For instance, PISA 2022 results show a record 15-point drop in mean mathematics performance across OECD countries since 2018 [2], highlighting the urgency for effective digital integration. Conversely, TALIS 2024 data from Uzbekistan show a surprisingly high rate of AI adoption among teachers (62%) [3], suggesting varied national responses. This paper synthesizes these findings to provide evidence-based recommendations for designing effective digital learning environments and teacher professional development programs.
Mathematics Education, Digital Technology, Didactic Model, TPACK Framework, PISA, TALIS, Learning Analytics, Teacher Professional Development.
INNOVATIVE METHODS AIMED AT DEVELOPING STUDENTS' SPEECH ACTIVITY
This article analyzes innovative methods for developing students' speech activity within the higher education system. It highlights the linguistic, psychological, and pedagogical foundations of forming speech activity, and examines the role of interactive, digital, and multi-component educational technologies in enhancing speech competencies.
Speech activity, innovative methods, communicative competence, pedagogical technologies, digital education, oral speech, written speech, speech development.
METFORMIN: MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF ACTION BEYOND THE HYPOGLYCAEMIC EFFECT
Metformin, the main drug for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, has a multifaceted mechanism of action, which includes inhibition of gluconeogenesis in the liver and increased peripheral glucose uptake and tissue sensitivity to insulin. The compound also has antioxidant and cardioprotective properties, reducing the risk of cardiovascular complications in diabetes. Accumulated data indicate its potential in cancer prevention and therapy, and metformin is a promising multifunctional agent for the comprehensive treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
ROLE OF ADDED CARBON NANOPARTICLES (CNTS) ON THE PROPERTIES OF MECHANISMS AND STRUCTURES MADE FROM AL-CU ALLOY
This research work is, therefore, devoted to investigating the mechanical and structural properties of an Al-Cu alloy due to the addition of different weight ratios of carbon nanotubes (0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0%). The samples were prepared in an optimal way for a better dispersion of nanoparticles into the base materials. Tensile test and Vickers hardness test were conducted along with the wear resistance test in order to check the surface properties subjected to frictional force. Microstructural analysis was done by using SEM and an XRD analysis for identifying the crystal structure of the materials. The result of the tensile test has shown a substantial increase in tensile and yield strengths when adding up to a desired ratio and marked enhancement in the Vickers hardness values, signifying enhanced resistance against plastic deformation. The wear test result indicated the decrease in wear rate and groove formation with the increase in ratios of CNTs, signifying enhanced surface wear resistance properties. The SEM result indicated that the CNTs are well dispersed in the alloy with desired ratios, representing reduced grain size and improvement in the microstructure. There was noticeable agglomeration at a desired ratio of CNTs. The XRD test revealed the stability of the main phases (Al and Cu) with the secondary phases (Al₂Cu) but without the carbide phase (Al₄C₃). In addition, the broadening of the diffraction peaks with the increase in the CNTs content was observed. The addition of CNTs to the Al-Cu alloy resulted in an improvement in the mechanical properties and wear resistance of the alloy while ensuring the stability of the structure. This composite material can therefore be considered suitable for applications where lightweight materials with high mechanical properties are needed.
CNTs, Al-Cu alloy, Metal-based composites (MMCs), nanocomposities, wear behavior.
PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF DOUBLE-LAYERED KNITWEAR
Research on methods for producing double-layered knitted fabric with improved quality indicators, enhanced physical and mechanical properties, and reduced raw material consumption using the technological capabilities of flat knitting machines.
PAN, flat knitting machine, loop, press, loop arc, double-layer, fabric structure, graphical notation.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN MEDICINE: A NEW STAGE IN MODERN DIAGNOSTICS
This article discusses the role and importance of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in the medical field, in particular in diagnostic processes. The possibilities of using artificial intelligence algorithms in modern medical imaging, laboratory analysis, and clinical decision support systems are analyzed. The advantages, limitations, and future prospects of artificial intelligence are also considered on a scientific basis.
Artificial intelligence algorithms, medical diagnostics, laboratory, resources, oncological diseases, DNA analysis, diabetes, cardiology, MRI, reactive and proactive medicine, surgery, Harvard Medical School, education, industry, research, scientific research.
MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURAL FEATURES HEARTS IN MINERAL METABOLISM DISORDERS
Disturbances in mineral metabolism (calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, and sodium) play a key role in the formation of structural and functional changes in the myocardium. Deficiency or excess of certain macro- and microelements leads to disruption of cardiomyocyte ion homeostasis, imbalance in calcium channel activity, and alterations in depolarization and repolarization processes. This is accompanied by morphological changes in cardiac tissue, including cardiomyocyte dystrophy and necrosis, interstitial edema, stromal sclerosis, and myocardial remodeling. Prolonged mineral metabolism disorders contribute to myocardial hypertrophy, fibrosis, microcirculatory disturbances, and accelerated development of heart failure. Of particular importance are changes in calcium-phosphorus metabolism, which are closely associated with endocrine regulation (parathyroid hormones, vitamin D), as well as potassium-magnesium imbalance, which directly affects the contractile function of the heart. Studying the morphological mechanisms of cardiac structural damage in mineral imbalance provides prospects for pathogenetically based prevention and therapy of cardiovascular diseases.
Mineral metabolism, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, myocardium, cardiomyocytes, morphological changes, dystrophy, necrosis, hypertrophy, fibrosis, heart failure, myocardial remodeling, microcirculation, vitamin D, parathyroid hormone.