Spectrum Journal of Innovation, Reforms and Development

SOLUTIONS TO SOME PROBLEMS IN MATHEMATICS THAT CAN BE SOLVED IN A SPECIAL WAY

Makhmudov Aʼzam Kudratovich — 2025-01-10

Mathematics is a broad field filled with problems that can often be solved using diverse methods. However, certain problems possess unique or special solving techniques that make them particularly intriguing. These problems often lead to elegant solutions that are not immediately apparent through conventional methods. This article explores various mathematical problems that can be solved in such a "special" way, highlighting the creativity, insight, and innovation involved in their resolution. The solutions presented here offer deeper insights into mathematical theory and are representative of the elegance that can arise when mathematical thinking is pushed to its boundaries. Through analysis and examples, this article illustrates how problems that initially appear complex can sometimes be simplified through clever and unconventional approaches.

ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS BIOACTIVE SUBSTANCES IN THE PLANT SALVIA OFFICINALIS

Abdiravidov Temurbek Abdumannonovich — 2025-01-13

Well-documented in traditional medicine around the globe. Its bioactive compounds, and especially its polyphenol profile, have been extensively researched and reviewed. However, sage’s beneficial effects reach much further, and nowadays, with a range of new extraction techniques, we are discovering new components with new therapeutic effects, especially in the context of neurodegenerative diseases and various carcinomas. This review describes the bioactive profile of various sage preparations depending on the extraction techniques and extraction parameters, and this review lists the newest research findings on its health effects.

TECHNOLOGIES FOR DEVELOPING STUDENT'S COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE IN ENGLISH CLASSES

Jo‘rayeva Muazzam Madamin qizi — 2025-01-16

Technologies for developing students' communicative competence are important in English classes. Today, along with the expansion of global communication and intercultural dialogue, the need to develop students' communicative competence in the process of learning English is increasing. This article provides information about the technologies and methods used to develop students' communicative competence in English language classes.

ENHANCING MATHEMATICAL UNDERSTANDING THROUGH MODERN TECHNOLOGICAL METHODS

Alijonov Sirojiddin Husan o'g'li — 2025-01-17

In recent years, the integration of modern technologies into the field of mathematics has revolutionized the way mathematical concepts are taught, learned, and applied. This article explores the various methods based on modern technologies that have been employed to enhance mathematical understanding and problem-solving skills. From interactive simulations and visualization tools to computer algebra systems and online platforms, these innovative approaches have not only made mathematics more accessible but also more engaging for learners of all ages. By leveraging technology to supplement traditional teaching methods, educators can cater to diverse learning styles and promote a deeper understanding of mathematical concepts. This article highlights the benefits of incorporating modern technological methods in mathematics education and discusses the implications for future research and practice.

THE CONCEPT OF "EARTH" IN THE HOLY BOOKS: THE BIBLE AND THE QUR'AN

Холикулова Юлдуз Шодиевна — 2025-01-23

The concept of "Earth" occupies an important place in both sacred books — the Bible and the Koran. It not only designates the physical space where people live, but also has a deep spiritual and symbolic meaning. In this article, we will look at how the Earth is represented in these texts, its role in the divine plan, and man's relationship to this planet.

IDENTIFYING THE THERMAL PARAMETERS OF DIESEL ENGINE USING DIESEL FUEL AND SOYBEAN METHYL ESTER BLENDS

Wisam Al-Obaidi — 2025-01-25

This work examines numerically the use of soybean methyl ester (SME) biodiesel along with diesel in a constant-speed, single-cylinder diesel engine. Two fuels were tested: 20%SME and pure SME, besides a baseline neat diesel for comparison. The simulation software Diesel-RK was used in this study, which is based on the multizone combustion model. The results obtained for selected biodiesel showed a quicker start of combustion due to the reduction in the delay period, which is impacted by cetane number. Compared to diesel, the SMD was increased by 8.7% and 24% for the use of 20% SME and SME, respectively. The brake thermal efficiency (BTE) was decreased by 0.8% for 20%SME while it decreased by 6.62% with the use of pure SME. Remarkable reduction in the nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions was reported with the use of SME by 50% compared to diesel fuel. The carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions were increased as a result of using SME blends with diesel. The comparison between obtained findings with the result of other studies reported an accepted deviation.

NUMERICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF A LHTES SYSTEM USING PCMS UNDER DIFFERENT CONFIGURATIONS OF NOZZLE AND SHELL INTEGRATED WITH SOLAR EVACUATED TUBE COLLECTORS

Ali Amjed Saeed — 2025-01-29

To improve the performance of solar energy, this study provides a novel shell and nozzle tube LHTES across two different geometries fins (tilted longitudinal and solid annular) and an investigation of the melting patterns of two types of commercial PCMs (lauric acid and paraffin wax). During the melting (charging) process, numerical simulations were conducted and compared with experimental observations for the bare nozzle pipe and finned tube configurations placed vertically. The average temperature and profile liquid fraction of the PCM through the melting operation in all model setups are employed for validation tests. The evaluation of the liquid fraction revealed that the numerical findings exhibited remarkable qualitative concordance with the experiment in all analyzed cases. The results demonstrate that annular fins and tilted longitudinal designs are seen to enhance the melting rate and temperature distribution by developing heat transfer, which shows an important benefit with an approximate decrease in total melting times of 38.3% and 12.98%. Moreover, three various inlet HTF temperatures (70 °C, 75 °C, and 80 °C) and flow rates (3, 5, and 7 L/min) of the HTF were evaluated during the melting process in PCM. A 5°C rise in the HTF temperature significantly impacted all cases; however, an especially affected reference case enhanced the overall melting time by about 34.97% and 21.32%. The largest decrease in total melting time was around 8.5% when the flow rate was raised from 3 to 7 L/Min. Therefore, the role of the HTF flow rate is less prominent; it can be considered marginal.

EXPERIMENTAL AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF AGGREGATES REPLACEMENT BY DIFFERENT CERAMIC WASTE

Mohammed S. Radhi — 2025-01-29

This study investigates the utilization of ceramic waste as a partial and complete replacement for natural aggregates (fine and coarse) in concrete, aiming to enhance its mechanical features and promote sustainability in construction. Ceramic waste was incorporated at substitution ratios of 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%, and its impact on compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths was evaluated at 7 and 28 days. Experimental findings demonstrated that fine aggregate substitution with ceramic waste achieved optimal mechanical performance at 75%, with significant improvements in strength features due to enhanced interfacial bonding and particle packing. Conversely, coarse aggregate substitution showed diminishing strength beyond 25%, indicating limited compatibility at higher levels. Statistical analysis using one-way ANOVA confirmed the significant influence of ceramic waste on concrete performance, with P-values below 0.05 for all tested features. The findings highlight ceramic waste's potential as a sustainable material for reducing dependency on natural aggregates while addressing waste management challenges. This research underscores the dual benefits of improved mechanical performance and environmental sustainability, providing a practical framework for integrating ceramic waste into eco-efficient concrete production. Future studies are recommended to explore long-term durability and lifecycle assessments to reinforce its viability in structural applications.