Spectrum Journal of Innovation, Reforms and Development
Spectrum Journal of Innovation, Reforms and Development provides the opportunity to the authors to publish their original research articles in Multidisciplinary field. Spectrum Journal of Innovation, Reforms and Development is an open access peer reviewed monthly journal. The journal is refereed and follows the ethics and practices of ethical open access publishing. All the manuscripts received for publication passes through extensive double blind peer review process. The journal covers the multidisciplinary areas of Engineering, Technology, Management, Sciences and Humanities. Authors can submit their original manuscripts for peer review. Frequency of Publication: Monthly Acceptance Notification: 45 Days Languages: English and German ISSN (Online): 2751-1731 JIF 2024: 8.975 SJIF 2024: 6.935
MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURAL FEATURES HEARTS IN MINERAL METABOLISM DISORDERS
Disturbances in mineral metabolism (calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, and sodium) play a key role in the formation of structural and functional changes in the myocardium. Deficiency or excess of certain macro- and microelements leads to disruption of cardiomyocyte ion homeostasis, imbalance in calcium channel activity, and alterations in depolarization and repolarization processes. This is accompanied by morphological changes in cardiac tissue, including cardiomyocyte dystrophy and necrosis, interstitial edema, stromal sclerosis, and myocardial remodeling. Prolonged mineral metabolism disorders contribute to myocardial hypertrophy, fibrosis, microcirculatory disturbances, and accelerated development of heart failure. Of particular importance are changes in calcium-phosphorus metabolism, which are closely associated with endocrine regulation (parathyroid hormones, vitamin D), as well as potassium-magnesium imbalance, which directly affects the contractile function of the heart. Studying the morphological mechanisms of cardiac structural damage in mineral imbalance provides prospects for pathogenetically based prevention and therapy of cardiovascular diseases.
Mineral metabolism, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, myocardium, cardiomyocytes, morphological changes, dystrophy, necrosis, hypertrophy, fibrosis, heart failure, myocardial remodeling, microcirculation, vitamin D, parathyroid hormone.
PRINCIPLES OF ARRANGING PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS IN THE ENTRIES OF RUSSIAN–TURKIC DICTIONARIES
This article presents the principles of arranging phraseological units in the entries of Russian–Turkic dictionaries, illustrated by relevant examples.
Phraseological unit, head (key) component, alphabetical arrangement, phraseological dictionary, Russian–Turkic lexicography, phraseography.
INVESTIGATION OF THE DEPENDENCE OF BLADE MICROGEOMETRY ON GRINDING MODES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ABRASIVE TOOL
The formation of a blade occurs due to the intersection of the micro-reliefs of the side surfaces (bevels). The blade microgeometry is influenced not only by the technological parameters of grinding and the physical and mechanical properties of the material, but also by the forces arising during the grinding process and their direction. The significance of various factors characterizing blade formation was evaluated using analysis of variance methods [1].
THE EFFECT OF RADIATION ON SOME PHYSICAL PROPERTIES FOR CN-85 NUCLEAR TRACK DETECTOR
In this research, some properties of the nuclear tracks detectors were studied, samples of CN-85 were irradiated with an alpha particle that emitted from americium (Am241) for (3, 5, 10) minutes then etched by using chemical sodium hydroxide (NaOH), the effect of radiation on the thickness of the detectors (CN-85) and on the diameters of the tracks were described in addition to the physical properties in terms of the color of the detector and its transparency for detector, then a comparison study was conducted between the tracts for each the time of irradiation duration for samples of detectors then it was proved The nuclear track detector CN-85, lost its chemical properties when scraped at a temperature of 60°C for half an hour. The radii of the tracks produced by the irradiation were measure foe samples of CN-85 detectors, and it was found that the diameter of the trace increases with the increase of the etching time and the duration of the irradiation. It was also found that the thickness of the detector does not change with the change of the irradiation duration, but it does change with the change of the etching time.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF GASOLINE FUEL EVAPORATION AT HIGH TEMPERATURES WITHIN TANK TRUCKS
This study provides an experimental simulation of the evaporation from the gasoline fuel in truck-tanks, which are subjected to high-temperature summer weather-like conditions, such as those found in Iraq. A 50 L capacity stainless-steel tank of controlled environment with 20 L commercial RON 95 gasoline content was used to analyze the thermal loading impact on fuel vapor pressure, mass loss and volumetric changes in three different temperatures (30, 50 and 70 °C). Mission measurements recorded over a 6 h period have shown a strong positive relationship between temperature and evaporative losses; vapor pressure increased from 30 to 80 kPa and mass loss, for example, rose from 50 g to 225 g and volume loss increased from approximately.062 L to.27 L. These results illustrate the exponential effect of thermal stresses on gasoline, indicating that it is possible for tank-truck fuel to become dangerously pressurized and experience considerable financial loss when exposed to high temperatures. The results emphasize the importance for enhanced thermal management, insulation and safety facilities in fuel transfer systems where hot climates are prevailing.
Gasoline Fuel Evaporation, High Temperatures, Tank Trucks.
PROSPECTS FOR THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF OUR COUNTRY
In the development of the development of our society in educational institutions, it is emphasized that the tasks of implementing trends in accelerating the areas of perfection of the educational system on the basis of digital technologies are needed. The circumstances of the upcoming series of programs and reforms are reflected. The methods of modernization, socio-economically sustainable development of the economy on the basis of industrial sectors, social economy, labor market requirements are reflected.
Social and economic, social stability, differences, need, reforms, need, reforms, systematic approach, qualifications and professional skills, skills.
NATIONAL-CULTURAL AND PRAGMATIC FEATURES OF EUPHEMISMS AND POLITICAL CORRECTNESS IN REPRESENTING SOCIALLY DISADVANTAGED GROUPS IN UZBEK
This study examines the national-cultural and pragmatic features of euphemisms and politically correct expressions used to represent socially disadvantaged groups in the Uzbek language. Drawing on a corpus of media texts, governmental documents, and public discourse, the research explores how lexical choices, politeness strategies, and cultural norms influence the way sensitive social categories-such as people with disabilities, low-income communities, and marginalized minorities-are described. The findings demonstrate that Uzbek employs a rich set of culturally embedded euphemisms that reflect traditional values of respect, collectivism, and social harmony. Pragmatically, the discourse reveals strong tendencies toward face-saving strategies, indirectness, and the avoidance of explicit negative labeling. These linguistic patterns not only soften socially sensitive references but also reinforce cultural ideals of dignity and inclusivity. The study concludes that euphemisms and political correctness in Uzbek are shaped by both evolving global norms and deeply rooted national-cultural frameworks, highlighting the need for greater linguistic transparency and sensitivity in public communication.
Euphemism; political correctness; Uzbek language; socially disadvantaged groups; national-cultural features; pragmatic strategies; politeness; face-saving; discourse analysis.
ISSUES OF UZBEK AND COMPARATIVE FOLKLORE STUDIES
This article examines the issues of Uzbek folk oral literature and comparative folklore, its place in folklore, the role of epic genres, including the epic genre, in a deeper, broader and more complete study, allowing us to identify similarities and differences in the plot and motifs, heroes, their adventures, experiences, and the development of events in general. It is once again emphasized that the common and differential features of the work, the issues of time and space in them, the interaction of one epic with another, and the debates on existing views on folklore contribute to the development of comparative studies, which contribute to the further development of the field.
Folklore, comparative folklore, translation, research, comparison, epic, variant, version, plot, motif, overall effect.
THE IMPACT OF CHLORINE CONTENT IN DRINKING WATER ON POPULATION CONSUMPTION
This article examines the amount of water consumed in regions and cities and its impact on the population. Chlorination is used as the primary method for disinfecting water, and its effectiveness in preventing infectious diseases is highlighted. At the same time, scientific analyses demonstrate that both excessive and insufficient use of chlorine can pose health risks.
Drinking water, water supply, disinfection, water quality, sanitary standards, hygiene, infectious diseases, epidemiology, ecology, water purification technologies, toxic effects, water pipelines, WHO standards environmental issues.
MEDIA INFLUENCE ON THE IMAGE OF JOURNALISM FACULTIES IN UZBEKISTAN
This study investigates the role of media in shaping the public image and reputation of journalism faculties in Uzbekistan. Drawing on a multi-layered research design, the study integrates media content analysis, stakeholder interviews, and institutional document review across three major universities: O‘zJOKU, O‘zMU, and Karshi State University. Findings reveal that media coverage predominantly presents neutral narratives, with positive reporting highlighting student achievements and international collaborations, while critical content remains limited. Interviews indicate that social media platforms such as Telegram and Instagram enhance visibility and influence prospective students’ perceptions. Document analysis shows a misalignment between institutional emphasis on curriculum reforms and the focus of media coverage, which privileges easily digestible success stories. The study underscores the importance of strategic media engagement, aligning institutional narratives with public representation to enhance credibility, trust, and long-term development of journalism education in Uzbekistan.
Journalism education, media coverage, higher education reputation, journalism in Uzbekistan, curriculum reform, social media, stakeholder perceptions, institutional communication, public image, international collaboration.
ANALYSIS OF TECHNOLOGICAL INDICATORS OF KNITTED FABRICS
The article presents the results of studying the technological parameters of knitted fabrics made from PAN yarn. Parameters such as loop pitch, loop row height, horizontal and vertical density, surface and volumetric density, yarn length in the loop, and knitted fabric thickness were analyzed.
knitwear, PAN yarn, assortment, quality, loop pitch, horizontal density, vertical density, surface density, volumetric density.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PERIODIC AND CUMULATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS
Periodic and cumulative constructions represent two fundamental syntactic structures used in written and spoken discourse. While periodic sentences delay the main idea until the end, creating suspense and emphasis, cumulative sentences begin with the main clause and then add descriptive elements. This study researches their structural differences, rhetorical significance, and literary applications. By analyzing examples from classical and modern literature, this paper demonstrates how these constructions shape meaning, enhance expressiveness, and influence reader perception.
Periodic sentence, cumulative sentence, syntactic construction, rhetoric, literature, structure, emphasis.
THE ROLE OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCE IN THE HISTORY OF UZBEKISTAN
In Uzbekistan, the national amalik sаn'аt bеzаklаri is an important cultural and historical аhаmiyаtgа еgа, which is an artistic expression of the character of the people. The inclusion of this information in the textbook "Оъкеkінning еng yаngi tаrixi" ("Оъъъкоkінінгі танаіхіі» аѕаѕі ііѕі іѕѕі іѕі іѕѕі іѕі ѕі іѕѕіѕѕі ѕі ѕ This article describes the historical dаvómiy, the changes in the industry and the impact of zаmоnаviy The pedagogical significance of the inclusion of this artistic heritage in the history of the Republic of Uzbekistan was considered, the role of the national pride of the Uzbek cultural heritage and national pride was emphasized. For the sake of understanding of the history of science and the development of the history of science, the teaching authority emphasizes the slimming methods of sifаtidа bеzаklаrdаn fаydаlаn.
National Agricultural Arts, Bеzаklаr, Tаrix Education, Uzbеkistоn, Mаdаniy Mеrоs, Pеdаgоgіkа, анана́nаviy Handicrafts, Таrixiy Symbolsоlоl, National Pride, Educational Traditions.
THE ROLE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE CHANG INSTRUMENT IN UZBEK FOLK MUSIC PERFORMANCE
This article discusses the role and importance of the chang instrument in the system of Uzbek folk music performance, its expressive capabilities, and its contribution to the preservation and development of national musical heritage. The study analyzes the chang’s function within ensembles, its unique timbre, and distinctive performance techniques.
Chang instrument, folk instruments, performance, national music, ensemble, style, cultural heritage.
STATE-OF-THE-ART REVIEW ON THE INFLUENCE OF FIN GEOMETRY ON AIR-SIDE HEAT TRANSFER AND PRESSURE DROP IN COMPACT HEAT EXCHANGERS
This review comprehensively examines the influence of fin geometry on the thermo-hydraulic performance of compact heat exchangers (CHEs), emphasizing both plate-fin heat exchangers (PFHEs) and printed circuit heat exchangers (PCHEs). The study integrates findings from experimental investigations, numerical simulations, and analytical correlations to elucidate the relationship between fin configuration, heat transfer enhancement, and pressure loss. For PFHEs, louvered fins demonstrated superior heat transfer augmentation but incurred high pressure penalties, while perforated and wavy fins provided balanced performance with moderate hydraulic losses. In PCHEs, channel topology—ranging from straight and zigzag to wavy, S-shaped, and airfoil fins—significantly influenced flow distribution and overall efficiency. Straight channels offered minimal pressure drop yet limited enhancement, whereas zigzag and wavy geometries improved convective mixing and thermal uniformity. S-shaped fins effectively mitigated reverse flow and reduced pressure loss by up to fivefold, and airfoil fins achieved optimal thermal–hydraulic synergy with superior flow stability. Empirical and semi-empirical correlations for Nusselt number, friction factor, and Colburn j-factor were reviewed and compared across various Reynolds number regimes. The findings underscore that optimal fin geometry selection is critical to balancing heat transfer augmentation with hydraulic efficiency, making advanced PCHE designs—especially wavy, S-shaped, and airfoil configurations—promising candidates for supercritical CO₂ Brayton cycles, molten-salt systems, and next-generation high-efficiency energy applications.
Louvered fin, perforated fin, wavy fin, plate-fin heat exchanger, Nusselt number, pressure drop, CFD, experimental.
TOWARD SUSTAINABLE COMBUSTION: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF NANOPARTICLE-INFUSED BIODIESEL
Using biodiesel as alternative fuel is a promising option due to its renewable source and favorable combustion qualities, but challenges such as lower calorific value, higher viscosity, poor cold-flow performance, and increased emissions limit its widespread adoption. Recent advances offer potential solutions: nanoparticles can act as catalysts during production and performance enhancers. Metal oxides and carbon-based nanomaterials improve transesterification efficiency, fuel atomization, ignition delay, and thermal conductivity resulting in higher brake thermal efficiency, lower brake-specific fuel consumption and reduced Emissions. The performance depends on optimal dosages (25–100 ppm), and excessive loading risks agglomeration, poor dispersion, or increased viscosity. Despite these results, many application remains limited by challenges related to nanoparticle stability, cost, toxicity, and regulatory approval. This review examines the mechanisms, performance influences, and limitations of nanoparticle-infused biodiesel. By addressing these issues, nanomaterial-enhanced biodiesel could become a viable next-generation fuel that balances performance and environmental concerns.
Nanoparticle-infused biodiesel, Metal oxide nanoparticles, Carbon nanomaterials. Brake thermal efficiency, Emission reduction.
A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF TURBOCHARGER TURBINE EFFICIENCY ENHANCEMENT USING VARIABLE GEOMETRY SYSTEMS (VGS)
The continuous pursuit of higher efficiency, compact design, and lower emissions in internal combustion engines has positioned turbocharging as a critical enabler of engine downsizing and environmental compliance. Among the various boosting technologies, Variable Geometry Turbochargers (VGTs) have emerged as an advanced alternative to conventional Fixed Geometry Turbochargers (FGTs), offering superior adaptability across a wide operating range. This review provides a comprehensive evaluation of recent advancements in turbocharger turbine efficiency enhancement through the implementation of Variable Geometry Systems (VGS). The paper systematically compares traditional FGTs with modern VGT configurations, emphasizing aerodynamic optimization, actuator mechanisms, and control strategies. The study synthesizes recent experimental and computational developments that address challenges such as turbo lag, flow separation, and unsteady aerodynamic behavior. Various VGT architectures—including sliding nozzle, pivoting vane, and variable diffuser systems—are analyzed with respect to flow control, pressure ratio optimization, and turbine response. Additionally, the role of electric, hydraulic, and pneumatic actuators in improving real-time adaptability and control precision is critically reviewed. Emerging trends in model-based and artificial intelligence-assisted control systems are also discussed as enablers for next-generation engine platforms.
Automotive turbocharging, Variable geometry turbocharger, Fixed geometry turbocharger.
TREATMENT OF AL-DIWANIYAH REFINERY WASTEWATER USING KARBALA CLAY-BASED CERAMIC MEMBRANES
This study aimed to fabricate and characterize a new flat ceramic membrane using Karbala clay and wood sawdust via a disc casting method for microfiltration applications. The membrane sintered at 1050 °C for 3 hours exhibited a porosity of 53.76%, pore size ≈1.45 μm, and water permeability of 183.76 L/h·m²·bar. Performance evaluation using wastewater from the Al-Diwaniyah refinery under of 1–2 bar, 30–40 °C, and 30–60 L/h flow rate. The results showed that the system achieving up to 96% turbidity removal at 2 bar, 40 °C, and 45 L/h, with a moderate reduction in Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS). The treated water pH increased from 7.4 to 8.1, indicating alkalinity interactions with the ceramic surface. These findings demonstrate that locally fabricated ceramic membranes provide a cost-effective and eco-friendly solution for industrial wastewater treatment, with potential for further design optimization.
Karbala clay, Sawdust, Ceramic membrane, Microfiltration, Industrial wastewater treatment, Al-Diwaniyah refinery.
CYBERSECURITY SKILLS AT THE PERSONAL AND INSTITUTIONAL DOMAINS IN PROTECTING MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS: AN APPLIED STUDY
The research aimed to identify the cybersecurity skills necessary for protecting management information systems among students of Management Information Systems faculties at both the personal and institutional domains, and to assess the students' proficiency in these skills, identify the major challenges impeding their development, and suggest appropriate strategies for their enhancement, The research sample consisted of (32) male and female students from the fourth year at a Management Information Systems college in one of the Iraqi universities, The research tool was a questionnaire designed to measure cybersecurity skills at both the personal and institutional domains, The statistical analysis revealed a relative deficiency in some cybersecurity skills compared to the assumed average (4) on the five-point Likert scale, with major challenges identified, including lack of technical expertise and limited practical training opportunities, The research recommended the integration of cybersecurity skills into academic curricula and the design of continuous training programs to enhance students' cybersecurity awareness and skills.
Cybersecurity; Cybersecurity skills; Management Information Systems.
INVESTIGATION OF COPPER-ALUMINUM OXIDE METAL MATRIX COMPOSITES: EFFECT OF PARTICLE SIZE AND VOLUME FRACTION ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
This research study the synthesis and characterization of copper-aluminum oxide (Cu-Al2O) metal matrix composites made through powder metallurgy. The aim of research is to study two variables: (1) Al2O3 particle size (nano sized = < 50 nm; micro sized = 5-10 μm); and (2) volume fractions (2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%), and on augmentation of mechanical properties. Bulk copper powders (>99.9% copper purity) and aluminum oxide particles, were mixed together, cold pressed at pressures at or above 100 MPa - 400 MPa, and sintered in hydrogen at 850°C. Microstructural characterization was completed by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Mechanical characterization including hardness (Vickers), compressive strength, and density was determined. Many of the results indicate that nano sized Al2O3 produced superior mechanical properties than the micro sized Al2O3. Best composition was Cu-7.5 vol% nano sized Al2O3 produced 145 HV hardness (178% increase) and 420 MPa in compressive strength and 89% conductivity compared to pure copper. Microstructural examination indicated that nano fortified samples had good particle distribution while the micro samples had particle clumping. The proposed mechanisms for the enhancement in mechanical properties were load transfer, grain refinement, and thermal mismatch strengthening. This paper demonstrates the possibilities of Cu-Al2O3 designed composites as thermal and electrical management materials.
Copper matrix composites, Aluminum oxide, Powder metallurgy, Mechanical properties, Particle size effect.
TRANSFORMING VISITOR EXPERIENCES IN UZBEKISTAN’S CULTURAL TOURISM THROUGH VIRTUAL AND AUGMENTED REALITY
This paper explores how virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) can transform cultural tourism in Uzbekistan. Drawing on global market dynamics and experiential learning theory, it analyzes how immersive technologies enhance visitor motivation, engagement, and emotional connection. The study highlights that while Uzbekistan possesses significant cultural resources, fragmented implementation of VR/AR limits their impact. Integration within a coherent framework could strengthen competitiveness by creating immersive narratives, digitally reconstructing heritage, enriching cultural landscapes, and engaging diaspora audiences. The paper concludes that VR and AR, if strategically deployed, can reposition Uzbekistan as a leading hub for cultural tourism in Central Asia.
Uzbekistan; cultural tourism; virtual reality (VR); augmented reality (AR); immersive technologies; visitor experience; Silk Road; heritage reconstruction; cultural landscapes; diaspora engagement.
INNOVATIVE PEDAGOGICAL APPROACHES TO ENHANCING GOAL-SETTING COMPETENCE OF STUDENTS IN THE GLOBAL AGE
This article examines innovative pedagogical approaches to enhancing students’ goal-setting competence in the global age. It highlights the growing importance of equipping learners not only with knowledge but also with the ability to set meaningful life goals, make conscious decisions, and align personal aspirations with societal needs. The study explores how modern educational practices such as student-centered learning, project-based methods, and digital literacy contribute to strengthening intrinsic motivation, developing reflective skills, and fostering responsibility among students. Particular attention is given to integrating national values with universal principles, thus preparing young learners to become active, responsible, and creative participants in a rapidly changing global society.
Goal-setting competence, students, innovative pedagogy, global age, motivation, reflective skills, student-centered learning, national and universal values, lifelong learning.
TENDENCIES OF TRANSFORMATION IN THE PARADIGMS OF LIFE GOALS IN THE INFORMATION AGE
This article analyzes the tendencies of transformation in the paradigms of life goals in the information age. While life goals in traditional society were based on national values and social traditions, it is emphasized that in the modern global context, personal freedom, individual interests, and technological opportunities are becoming of primary importance.
Life goals, paradigm, informatization, globalization, personal freedom, individual interests, national values, universal principles, motivation, reflection, innovation
DIGITAL PLATFORMS AND SMART TOURISM ECOSYSTEMS: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES
Digital technologies linked to Industry 4.0 are transforming the tourism sector, giving rise to smart tourism ecosystems where data and platforms play a central role. This paper explores how digital platforms such as online travel agencies, peer-to-peer services, review websites, meta-search tools, mobility apps, and social media shape these ecosystems. The study highlights the main opportunities created by digital transformation, including efficiency, personalization, global market access, and improved governance. At the same time, it points out critical challenges such as digital inequality, market concentration, data privacy risks, regulatory gaps, and the problem of overtourism. By analyzing both benefits and risks, the paper contributes to a clearer understanding of the dual role of digital platforms in tourism development. It also provides practical recommendations for destinations and businesses to use digital tools in ways that support innovation, competitiveness, and long-term sustainability.
Smart tourism, digital platforms, Industry 4.0, online travel agencies, peer-to-peer economy, social media, big data, artificial intelligence, sustainability, governance.
QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND CONTINUOUS IMPROVEMENT STRATEGIES IN SMALL BUSINESSES
This article analyzes the issues of effective implementation of quality management and continuous improvement strategies in small businesses. The study highlights how the main principles of the Kaizen philosophy - continuous process improvement, active employee involvement and rational use of resources - can be implemented in small business conditions. It also examines the effectiveness of tools such as the 5S system, the suggestion mechanism and quality circles in small businesses. The results obtained include practical recommendations for small businesses on optimizing costs, improving the quality of products and services, and fully satisfying customer needs.
Small business, quality management, continuous improvement, Kaizen, 5S system, suggestion system, quality circles, efficiency.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF HELICAL COIL AND INNOVATIVE TUBES HEAT EXCHANGER WITH PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS: NUMERICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
This study presents a numerical and experimental analysis of two models of latent heat storage systems using heat exchangers with phase change material (PCM). The models utilized were helically coiled tube heat exchangers (HCT-HX) and innovative tube heat exchangers (IT-HX). The models were analyzed for two distinct injections of Heat Transfer Fluid (HTF) from the upper section of the models. The comparison of both scenarios showed that varying the Heat Transfer Fluid inlet while maintaining a constant mass flow rate significantly influences the duration of the melting process. In comparison, the melting time for (HCT-HX) decreases by 11.2%, whereas (IT-HX) results in a 24% delay in melting. The model in (HCT-HX) has the best thermal performance and the quickest melting time because of the geometry of it. A high degree of concordance was seen when the numerical and experimental outcomes were compared.
IT-HX, HCT-HX, PCM, melting time, latent heat storage.
PROBLEMS OF RESERVE DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS IN COMMERCIAL BANKS
The article considers the problem of the personnel reserve work in a bank. The first lines provide an analysis of theoretical sources on the issue of the personnel reserve. Interest in the problems of forming a personnel reserve is still relevant. The personnel reserve is presented in any company that cares about solving the problems of training the quality of personnel competencies. The risks of hiring employees are very high. However, the personnel reserve does not always solve the problems of personnel continuity. In Russian companies, an employee often spends decades in the personnel reserve, enough funds are spent on him to prepare for management, but he may never take a leadership position. There is an understanding that the personnel reserve is needed not only for management structures, it is necessary to close emerging vacancies quickly for less losses. The article considers the situation of the need to form a personnel reserve of a bank. An analysis of the organization of work without a personnel reserve is carried out. An attempt is made to analyze the costs of personnel training without a personnel reserve system. The line of career development of employees of settlement and cash services in the bank is shown. Horizontal movements are considered when an employee moves from one department to another. The author shows that the first steps have been taken in the formation of a personnel reserve. The bank is ready to work in this direction to solve important personnel problems.
Personnel reserve; personnel risks; training formation; personnel reserve analysis; efficiency assessment; theoretical analysis of the personnel reserve.
One of the ways to manage credit risk, which was left by a commercial bank on its own retention, is a reservation, the purpose of which is to compensate the bank for material damage in the event of the realization of this risk. The article presents an approach to considering reservations in commercial banks as a system consisting of three interrelated blocks: fundamental, organizational and regulatory.
Reservation, impairment, expected credit losses, credit risk, commeeical banks.
DETERMINATION OF SOME IMMUNOLOGICAL MARKERS AMONG PATIENTS WITH CELIAC DISEASE IN DIWANIYAH PROVINCE
Eating gluten causes celiac disease, a systemic immune-mediated illness, in people who are genetically predisposed. Barley, the protein complex known as gluten, is present in wheat, rye, and rye. Celiac disease is characterized by a wide range of clinical signs, a specific serum autoantibody reactivity, and variable small-intestinal mucosal injury. Aim of the study: The study aims to evaluate the role of soluble HLA-G as an immunological marker of CD and other factors in pathogenicity, including pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines: Soluble HLA-G in patient serum, Serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10) in celiac disease patients and the small intestine's tissue inflammatory response. A case-control study of 65 individuals (300 suspected patients and 24 controls) aged 3–73 years was conducted at AL-Diwanyah Educational Hospital to measure serum levels of sHLA-G, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10. Blood samples were processed and stored at -20 °C. sHLA-G levels were measured using ELISA. The study was ethically approved by the University of AL-Qadisiyah. Results: HLA-G, a class I molecule expressed in placental cells, showed significantly higher serum levels in patients (16.57 ± 3.33 pg/ml) compared to controls (5.88 ± 1.97 pg/ml, P ≤ 0.001). Proinflammatory IL-6 levels were also elevated in patients (433.42 ± 40.63 pg/ml vs. 228.02 ± 27.36, P ≤ 0.016), as were anti-inflammatory IL-10 levels (163.94 ± 28.87 pg/ml vs. 66.46 ± 17.89, P < 0.02). Conclusions: Celiac disease is linked to female gender, family history, and high sHLA-G and TNF-α levels.