Spectrum Journal of Innovation, Reforms and Development
Spectrum Journal of Innovation, Reforms and Development provides the opportunity to the authors to publish their original research articles in Multidisciplinary field. Spectrum Journal of Innovation, Reforms and Development is an open access peer reviewed monthly journal. The journal is refereed and follows the ethics and practices of ethical open access publishing. All the manuscripts received for publication passes through extensive double blind peer review process. The journal covers the multidisciplinary areas of Engineering, Technology, Management, Sciences and Humanities. Authors can submit their original manuscripts for peer review. Frequency of Publication: Monthly Acceptance Notification: 45 Days Languages: English and German ISSN (Online): 2751-1731 JIF 2024: 8.975 SJIF 2024: 6.935
METHODS OF INCREASING SPORTS MOTIVATION AMONG YOUTHS
This article describes the theoretical and practical aspects of increasing sports motivation among students. Factors affecting students' regular participation in sports, types of motivation and effective ways of encouraging them were analyzed. Also, recommendations on the development of sports activities in higher educational institutions were developed.
Sports motivation, students-youth, physical education, healthy lifestyle, sports activity, motivation, physical activity.
MODERN CRITERIA FOR ASSESSING THE LEVEL OF PHYSICAL READINESS OF STUDENTS
This article analyzes modern criteria for assessing the level of physical fitness of students, assessment systems and the pedagogical significance of their use. Methods for assessing the main physical qualities such as strength, speed, endurance, flexibility and agility in determining physical fitness are highlighted. The role of digital technologies and modern monitoring tools in the physical education system is also considered.
Physical fitness, assessment criteria, student youth, physical qualities, monitoring, testing, physical education.
INFLUENCE OF DRY HOT CLIMATE ON STRENGTH AND DEFORMATION PROPERTIES OF REINFORCED CONCRETE ELEMENTS
The article presents the results of scientific research on the effect of dry hot climate on the strength and deformation properties of reinforced concrete elements. The results of scientific research on the effect of dry hot climate on temperature and shrinkage deformations of reinforced concrete elements are analyzed.
Concrete, reinforcement, reinforced concrete, climate, strength, deformability, deflection, crack width, shrinkage, creep, temperature, air humidity, solar radiation, durability, crack resistance.
APPLICATION OF MODIFIED SULFUR CONCRETE IN REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES
This scientific article presents the results of experimental studies on the study of the physical and mechanical properties of sulfur concrete and comparative characteristics of the strength and deformation characteristics of sulfur concrete with concrete based on Portland cement. The results of theoretical studies on the use of sulfur concrete in reinforced concrete structures are highlighted.
Sulfur concrete, ecology, utilization, Portland cement, frost resistance, crushed stone, sand, strength, sulfur, deformability, modification, reinforced concrete.
ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF MANAGING INCOME AND CONSUMER SPENDING IN AN INFLATIONARY ENVIRONMENT
This article examines the economic aspects of managing household income and consumer spending under inflationary conditions. Inflation reduces the purchasing power of money, changes consumption priorities, increases uncertainty and forces households to reconsider saving, borrowing and expenditure decisions. The article analyzes real and nominal income, consumer behavior, inflation expectations, essential and discretionary spending, household budgeting, debt management, savings protection and the role of state economic policy. It is argued that effective income and expenditure management in an inflationary environment requires a combination of financial literacy, rational consumption, wage adjustment, social protection and macroeconomic stabilization.
Inflation, household income, consumer spending, purchasing power, real income, consumption behavior.
THE ROLE OF LANGUAGE IN SHAPING POLITICAL NARRATIVES AND SOCIAL STRUCTURES IN A GLOBAL CONTEXT
In particular, this article covers the following: Language is crucial in influencing political stories and organizing social realities; the importance of language; transformed political communication; Developing critical awareness of political discourse.
Globalization, communication, political stories, society, philosophy, political narratives.
EUROPEAN UNION REGIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF MARKET INFRASTRUCTURE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SMALL BUSINESSES
The article analyzes the specific features of the regional model for improving the efficiency of market infrastructure for small business development formed in the countries of the European Union. It also identifies directions for the creative application of this experience in the conditions of Uzbekistan.
Entrepreneurship, small business, small business potential, active entrepreneurship, market infrastructure, small business activity, business environment.
MODERN PROBLEMS AND MANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE NATIONAL ECONOMY INTO A GLOBAL ECONOMY
This article examines modern problems and management solutions under the conditions of the transformation of a national economy into the global economy. The study analyzes the key challenges faced by national economies in the process of globalization and proposes recommendations for improving management effectiveness in these conditions. Special attention is given to the structural changes taking place in Uzbekistan’s national economy, the role of digitalization, international integration, innovation, financial stability, labor mobility, environmental responsibility, and social policy. The research emphasizes that modern management should be flexible, innovation-oriented, crisis-resistant, and capable of adapting to rapid changes in the external environment.
Economic transformation, globalization, management, national economy, challenges, solutions, innovation, digitalization, sustainable development.
NATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF BUSINESS ENTITIES AND THE USE OF THEIR EXPORT POTENTIAL OF UZBEKISTAN
In the article, the identification of national characteristics is achieved through a systematic analysis of scientific research conducted by local economists on the development of economic entities in the country and increasing the efficiency of using their export potential.
Entrepreneurship, small business, medium-sized business, large business, entrepreneur-exporter, business entity, business potential, export potential of an economic entity
ASSESSING THE ABILITY OF THE ELECTRO-OXIDATION TECHNIQUE TO REMOVE HYDROCARBONS FROM EFFLUENT WASTEWATER FROM THE AL-MUTHANA PETROLEUM REFINERY
In this study, the anodic oxidation approach was applied to remove organic hydrocarbon from effluent wastewater from Al-Muthana petroleum refinery. The treatment process was achieved using a batch tubular electro-reactor of 1 liter in volume consisted of two concentric graphite electrodes. Impact of current density, pH and addition of NaCl were studied. The optimum operation conditions could be obtained when the operation is carried out at a current density of 8 mAcm-2, pH of 6.0, and addition 1g/L of NaCl for 120 min starting from an initial chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 800 ppm which results in COD removal efficiency (RE%) of 84.3% with a COD discharge lower than 150ppm. The result showed that the electro-oxidation process was applied efficiently for the treatment of hydrocarbons - loaded wastewater. This technique can be applied in the treatment processes of wastewater produced from petroleum refineries with high performance, low cost, and simple operation
Wastewater, Electro-oxidation method; COD; Cell current density; Organic compounds removal.
INVESTIGATION OF THE FRACTURE ZONE IN A ROCK MASS DURING THE EXPLOITATION OF UPLAND DEPOSITS
Mass, allowing us to determine both the size of weakened zones and the degree of weakening of the rock mass at any point in the massif. To assess the weakening of rock mass in upland deposits at various distances depending on the number of explosive charges detonated before and after the blast, core samples were taken from seven boreholes, drilled every 3 meters from the free surface into the massif to a depth of 20 meters. To determine the size of the zones of weakening of the rock massif strength, an express method was used using the method of water absorption of the massif.
Blasting operations, weakening of rock mass by blasting, method, parameters of blasting operations, experiment, sizes of weakening zones, industrial testing, parameters of drilling and blasting operations, fracturing of the massif.
EVALUATION OF THE EFFICACY OF ANGIOTENSIN II RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS (LOSARTAN) ON THE STATE OF CENTRAL HEMODYNAMICS IN PATIENTS WITH THYROTOXICOSIS SYNDROME
Purpose of the study– to study the effectiveness of the drug losartan on the state of central hemodynamics in patients with thyrotoxicosis syndrome. Material and methods of research. Clinical data collection was carried out at the City Clinical Hospital No. 1 in Andijan 63 people were examined, including 47 women, 16 men, average age49.2±1.62years (for women -47±1.76years, for men -42±2.6years). Patients with thyrotoxicosis syndrome, depending on the disease, were divided into the following 5 groups: patients with diffuse toxic goiter 50% - DTG- (32 people), multinodular goiter - MUZ-11.6% (7 people), autoimmune thyroiditis - AIT-16.7% (11 people), thyrotoxic adenoma - TA-6.7% (4 people) and mixed toxic goiter - MS-15% (9 people). Research methods – general clinical, biochemical (bilirubin, direct, indirect, ALT, AST, PTI, coagulogram, CRP), hormonal (TSH, free thyroxine, antibodies to thyroid peroxidase, to thyroglobulin and thyrocyte receptors, prolactin in the blood),anthropometric calculations (height (cm), weight (kg), BMI (kg/m2), waist circumference, waist circumference) and instrumental: ECG, echo-ECG, ultrasound of the thyroid gland, internal organs, chest X-ray Research results.The study revealed significant changes that suggest that losartan therapy reverses left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and improves its structural characteristics in patients with hyperthyroidism syndrome. Left atrial (LA) dilation was found to be a precursor to LVH. Combined use of losartan demonstrated the ability to significantly reduce the size of the left atrium, which was enlarged in most patients examined. Consequently, the observed statistically significant reduction in LA size from 4.42 ± 0.08 to 3.81 ± 0.09 cm (p < 0.05) can be interpreted as a positive effect of losartan therapy. Conclusions.The inclusion of losartan, an angiotensin II receptor blocker, in combination therapy including beta-blockers and antithyroid drugs, against the background of achieved compensation of thyrotoxicosis, led to regression of left ventricular hypertrophy, restoration of sinus rhythm in 43% of patients and a statistically significant improvement in blood pressure.
Thyrotoxicosis, treatment of complications.
FEATURES OF CENTRAL HEMODYNAMICS IN PATIENTS WITH DIFFUSE TOXIC GOITER
The aim of the study isto study the features of central hemodynamics in patients with diffuse toxic goiter. Material and methods of research. 32 people were examined, including 22 women, 10 men, average age49.2±1.62years (for women -47±1.76years, for men -42±2.6years) Research methods – general clinical, biochemical (bilirubin, direct, indirect, ALT, AST, PTI, coagulogram, CRP), hormonal (TSH, free thyroxine, antibodies to thyroid peroxidase, to thyroglobulin and thyrocyte receptors, prolactin in the blood),anthropometric calculations (height (cm), weight (kg), BMI (kg/m2), waist circumference, waist circumference) and instrumental: ECG, echo-ECG, ultrasound of the thyroid gland, internal organs, chest X-ray Research results. When analyzing echocardiography data in patients with thyrotoxicosis syndromevisiblethat in the general group of patients, a reliable decrease in the indicators of end-diastolic volume and end-diastolic volume and a reliable decrease in the ratio of peaks E and A in relation to the control were observed. An analysis of echocardiography parameters in patients with thyrotoxicosis depending on the clinical form showed that in the overt form, the EDV and ESV values, peak E, and the E/A ratio are significantly reduced. In the subclinical form, the IVS and peak A values are significantly increased, and a significant decrease in ESV is observed. Conclusions.Echocardiographic signs of hemodynamic disturbances in thyrotoxicosis can be detected even before the manifestation of clinical symptoms of thyrotoxic heart disease.
SUGARY DIABETES IN THE MODEL RATS LARGE SALIVA IN THE GLANDS DEGENERATIVE-DYSTROPHIC OF PROCESSES MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
In this study, the degenerative-dystrophic processes that develop in the major salivary glands of rats under the conditions of an experimental model of diabetes mellitus were morphologically evaluated. The aim of the work was to comprehensively characterize the structural reconstructions that occur in the parenchyma and stromal components against the background of metabolic shifts characteristic of diabetes. A streptozotocin-induced diabetes model was used as a methodology; samples taken from the submandibular, preauricular and sublingual salivary glands were analyzed by histological staining and morphometry. The scientific novelty is to substantiate the simultaneous occurrence of microcirculatory disorders, atrophy of the secretory departments, reactive reconstruction of the ductal epithelium and stromal fibrosis in the major salivary glands in diabetes as an interrelated cascade. The results indicate that the identification of morphological markers corresponding to ischemia and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of diabetic sialadenopathy is of diagnostic and preventive approaches for important that it is shows.
Sugary diabetes; major saliva glands; degenerative-dystrophic processes; microcirculation; fibrosis; morphometry; rat model.
GA-OPTIMIZED PID CONTROL STRATEGY FOR AUTOMATIC GENERATION CONTROL IN TWO-AREA INTERCONNECTED POWER SYSTEMS
This paper compares the load frequency control of a two-area linked power system using genetic algorithm-optimized PID (GA-PID) controllers and conventional proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers. Three scenarios—without any controller, with a conventional PID controller, and with an optimized GA-PID system—are simulated for frequency deviation reactions under load perturbations. The two-area system's complete dynamic model is developed. The efficacy of each control approach is evaluated using key metrics such as steady-state frequency deviation, overshoot, and settling time. Simulation findings show that, in comparison to the uncontrolled system and the typical PID controller, the GA-PID controller significantly reduces frequency deviations and increases system stability. The new controller dampens oscillations faster and is more resilient to load perturbations. These findings imply that evolutionary optimization techniques, such as genetic algorithms, can effectively improve controller performance in complex power system applications.
Two-Area Power System (TAPS), Load Frequency Control (LFC), frequency deviation (Δf), PID controller, Genetic Algorithm GA.
MAIN TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL RAW MATERIALS USED IN THE PRODUCTION OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
The rapid development of modern industry and the construction sector has intensified the need for rational utilization of natural resources. Due to the limited availability of natural raw materials, there is an increasing demand for their conservation, recycling, and the development of alternative materials. As a result, the concept of artificial raw materials has emerged and is now widely applied across various industries. This article presents an overview of artificial raw materials and analyzes their principal physical and chemical properties.
Mineral, organic, construction materials, ceramics, glass, industrial waste, efficiency.
TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC FOUNDATIONS FOR THE CONSTRUCTION AND RECONSTRUCTION OF ENTERPRISES PRODUCING CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS
The construction materials industry represents one of the key sectors of the national economy. The continuous growth of construction volumes, along with the increasing demand for energy-efficient and environmentally sustainable materials, necessitates the expansion and modernization of production capacities within this sector. The development of a feasibility study (technical and economic justification) is an essential stage in the construction and reconstruction of enterprises, as it enables a preliminary assessment of project efficiency and viability. This article examines the technical and economic foundations underlying the reconstruction and modernization of manufacturing enterprises.
Enterprise, construction materials and products, construction stages, preparatory stage, design stage, operation stage, reconstruction, modernization.
METHODOLOGY FOR THE EXPERIMENTAL IMPLEMENTATION OF LIME-WASTE-BASED GYPSUM CONCRETE
The present study investigates the methodology for the production of gypsum concrete based on lime waste and Redispersible Polymer Powder (RPP), together with the assessment of its technical and economic efficiency. Experimental gypsum concrete compositions containing different amounts of lime waste and RPP were prepared and tested under controlled curing conditions. The introduction of lime waste and RPP made it possible to reduce gypsum consumption by up to 25% while maintaining high strength and density of the gypsum concrete products. The optimum preparation procedure included sequential mixing of lime waste, RPP additive, and G-6 grade gypsum under controlled mixing speeds and curing conditions. Economic analysis showed that the modified gypsum concrete has a lower production cost compared with conventional gypsum concrete. The economic benefit from producing 1 m³ of gypsum concrete under industrial conditions amounted to 91,940 UZS, while the projected annual economic effect reached 1,654,920,000 UZS. The developed composition was successfully tested under the production conditions of Ferghana Ceramics Industry LLC and demonstrated improved durability, reduced binder consumption, and enhanced structural performance.
Gypsum concrete, lime waste, Redispersible Polymer Powder, RPP, gypsum binder, industrial waste, energy-efficient technology, economic efficiency, production methodology, durability, strength, density, construction materials.
INFRARED SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF GYPSUM CONCRETE MATERIALS
This study investigates the infrared spectral characteristics of gypsum concrete materials prepared using lime waste and Redispersible Polymer Powder (RPP). The objective was to determine the changes occurring in the mineralogical and chemical composition of gypsum concrete after the addition of 1% RPP. Infrared spectroscopy was applied to compare gypsum concrete specimens prepared without RPP and with 1% RPP. The obtained spectra revealed significant changes in the absorption bands located at 2343–2358 cm⁻¹, 2850–2922 cm⁻¹, and 3390 cm⁻¹. The appearance of new absorption peaks and the increase in their intensity indicate the formation of new mineral phases and stronger chemical bonds. The bands observed in the regions of 596–665 cm⁻¹, 877–1111 cm⁻¹, and 1465–1683 cm⁻¹ correspond to silicates, carbonates, and water-related functional groups. The increase in the intensity of OH-group vibrations and polymer-related absorption bands confirms the enhanced degree of polymerization and hydration in the modified gypsum concrete. The results demonstrate that the incorporation of 1% RPP into lime-waste-based gypsum concrete contributes to the formation of high-strength compounds and improves the structural properties of the material.
Gypsum concrete, lime waste, Redispersible Polymer Powder, infrared spectroscopy, absorption bands, polymerization, hydration, silicates, carbonates, mineral phases, gypsum binder, structural properties.
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF NOUN FORMATION METHODS IN UZBEK AND RUSSIAN
This article examines the primary methods of noun formation in the Uzbek and Russian languages. Particular attention is devoted to a comparative analysis of word-formation models, given that Uzbek and Russian belong to distinct linguistic systems: Uzbek is an agglutinative language, while Russian is an inflectional one. The study analyzes suffixation, prefixation, combined prefixation-suffixation, compounding, and zero derivation as methods of noun formation. Based on specific examples, the commonalities and distinctive features of word formation in the two languages are identified. The research results indicate that in Uzbek, affixation—specifically suffixation—plays a leading role; conversely, in Russian, prefixation, combined prefixation-suffixation, and zero derivation function actively alongside suffixation. A comparative study of these languages holds significant importance for linguistics, translation studies, and the methodology of teaching Russian and Uzbek.
Noun, word formation, Uzbek language, Russian language, suffixation, affixation, languages of different systems, comparative analysis, derivative word, word-formation model.
TEACHING STUDENTS SAFETY MEASURES WHEN TEACHING THE SUBJECT “CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ALKALI METALS” IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS
This article studies the kinetic properties of the reactions of alkali metals (lithium, sodium, potassium, etc.) with water and various chemical reagents. The study analyzes the rate of reactions, the temperature affecting them (concentration, nature of the metallurgy, and surface area).
Alkali metal, reaction kinetics, reaction with water, chemical reaction table, sodium, potassium, lithium, exothermic reaction, hydrogen evolution, safety techniques, laboratory experiments, chemical temperature, reactivity, temperature effect, concentration.
A REVIEW IN RELATIVE H-ALGEBRA AND MOD-THEORY
This study presents a comprehensive overview of contemporary developments in Gorenstein homological algebra (GH-algebra), with Special Consciousness in relative framework which overcame the classical constraint of isotropic dimensions in irregular rings. We suggest a methodological development of Gorenstein projective, injective, and flat modules (Gproj, inj and F-Mod), moving from their initial conceptualization in the mid-1990s to recent generalizations involving semidualizing modules(S-Mod) and Foxby classes(F-classes). This article highlights the important role of test modules(T-Mod) in detecting the finiteness of homological dimensions(H-dimensions), effectively generalizing the classical Auslander–Buchsbaum–Serre theorem (ABS theorem) for irregular environments. Furthermore, we examine the applications of relative Gorenstein homological algebra (GH-algebra) in reformulating foundational results, such as the relative Gorenstein counterpart of Hilbert’s Syzygy Theorem (GC-Hilbert’s Syzygy Theorem). The paper also covers the latest breakthroughs for 2024–2026 and 2026. which includes a classification of acyclic Auslander–Gorenstein algebras (AG-algebras) and results on the idea of τ-tilt(τ-t) over skewed group monomial algebras to rank them Broken trends, the article identifies crucial gaps in in current literature such as the projective flat (pro-flat) problem and analogs over group rings and an integrated theoretical roadmap. This study is an essential and useful resource for researchers. and graduate students trying to navigate an increasingly complex of ring theory, representation theory (R-theory) and relative homological algebra (RH-algebra).
G-algebra, RH-dimensions, F-classes, T-Mod, S-Mod, τ-t theory.
CURRENT ISSUES OF DEVELOPING YOUTH SPIRITUALITY IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBALIZATION
This article examines the contemporary problems of developing youth spirituality under conditions of globalization. The analysis proceeds from a broad understanding of spirituality as a system of values, meanings, moral self-regulation, cultural memory, social responsibility, and the capacity for reflective life orientation. Globalization has expanded young people’s access to education, information, intercultural communication, and civic participation, yet it has also intensified identity fragmentation, digital dependency, value relativism, consumer pressure, inequality, and psychological vulnerability.
Youth spirituality, globalization, identity, values, digital culture, moral development, civic responsibility, education, social-emotional learning.
ENHANCEMENT OF WALL INSULATION AND REDUCTION OF HEAT GAIN IN BUILDINGS USING A NEW MODEL BRICK: LITERATURE REVIEW
This paper reviews recent advancements in insulating brick technologies aimed at reducing heat gain through building walls, focusing on hollow, multi-chambered, and material-enhanced brick configurations. Given the high contribution of walls to thermal loads in hot climates, integrating insulation directly within brick units emerges as a practical and energy-efficient solution. The study highlights both numerical and experimental investigations validating the role of geometry optimization, phase change materials (PCMs), and waste-derived additives in improving thermal resistance. The analysis also considers the environmental and economic benefits of sustainable materials. Findings suggest that the integration of advanced insulation strategies within brick structures significantly enhances building energy performance, making them suitable for future climate-resilient construction.
Thermal insulation, Hollow bricks, new model brick, Phase change materials (PCMs), Heat gain reduction, Building envelope, Sustainable construction, Numerical simulation, Material additives, Energy efficiency, Eco-friendly bricks, Thermal conductivity.
IMPROVING ORGANIZATION PROCESS BY ADOPTING AND IMPLEMENTATION TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT ON SUSTAINABILITY SYSTEMS AND PLANNING AS A MEDIATOR IN STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE
The applicability of the Total Quality Management (TQM) may be self-evident to every business but we have successfully provided an example of its significant impact on Sustainability (SU) along with the critical importance of Planning (PL) as an intermediary. We placed our attention in a few aspects instead of one approach; in such a way, we also paid attention to the broad issues to effectively address any met challenges. The degree of maturity required in firms has been made as an important criterion in assessment of sustainability. The framework will provide the reader or practitioner who is implementing this study with a comprehensive insight into whole quality management. Administrative and organisational capabilities were also a key factor to the correct definition of the dynamics of the variables in the sustainability systems. We have recognized the importance of providing a holistic explanation of the current changes in the sustainability; hence organisations should determine the specific path that they want to take in their respective areas of operation to enhance their organisational capabilities. As a mediating variable, planning plays a vital role in this study, and it suggests the necessity of a significant role in the improvement of progressive creativity at all times. A sample of )140( employees was selected from Wasit University (Iraq), yielding )136( valid responses to the administered questionnaire; (4) responses were not retrieved. A )7 ( point Likert scale and the )SPSS( software were utilized as the primary tools for generating statistical results. All three formulated hypotheses were supported.
Total Quality Management, Sustainability, Planning, Employees, Organization.
INTEGRATING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNOLOGIES TO FOSTER LOGICAL THINKING IN MATHEMATICS EDUCATION
In the context of educational digitalization and the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI), the development of students’ logical thinking has become a central goal of modern mathematics education. Beyond procedural skills, students must be able to analyze, justify, and construct reasoned solutions independently. Particular importance is given to Natural Language Processing (NLP) and AI-based automated analysis and evaluation systems, which enable the examination of students’ reasoning expressed in natural language. NLP can analyze written and verbal explanations, identify logical structures, detect misconceptions, and provide meaningful feedback, while automated evaluation systems offer objective and timely assessment of problem-solving strategies and argumentation quality. Thus, this study aims to provide a scientific and methodological justification for the effective use of these AI tools to support the development of logical thinking in mathematics education within a digital learning environment.
Artificial intelligence, logical thinking, mathematics education, natural language processing, automated analysis, automated evaluation, AI-based assessment, mathematical reasoning.
RESULTS OF THE INTEGRATED RISK ANALYSISRECURRENCE OF GROWTH OF INACTIVE PITUITARY ADENOMAS IN THE POSTOPERATIVE PERIOD
The aim of the study was to perform an integrated analysis of risk factors for recurrence of non-functional pituitary adenomas (NFPA) in the postoperative period. Materials and methods of the study. We studied 20 patients with NFPA (group 1 - 10 pituitary macroadenomas and group 2 - 10 giant pituitary adenomas) who underwent transnasal pituitary adenomectomy. All patients underwent examinations, including fundus examination, visual field measurement every 3 months, studies of the levels of STH, IGF-1, LH, FSH, ACTH, TSH, prolactin, free thyroxine, cortisol, as well as immunohistochemical studies of operated patients to determine the levels of Ki67, p53 expression. Results.The analysis showed that the most valuable predictors of tumor recurrence in NFPA are the Ki-67 labeling index ≥4% (OR = 3.67), brain invasion (3.34), suprasellar invasion (OR = 3.24), and disease duration (2.95). Genetic predisposition is also significant in the development of tumor recurrence. The frequency of the hereditary factor for NAG is 78.78% (OR = 2.51). Conclusions. 1. The immunohistochemical (IHC) studies showed a significant correlation between the Ki-67 marker, tumor size, and invasiveness in both groups. This marker should be used as a prognostic criterion for recurrence of growth and invasive growth of NFPA Using logistic regression analysis (LRA), we were able to show that all four criteria (Ki-67 (p < 0.001); OR 5.2 // p53 (p < 0.001); OR 2.1 // invasiveness (p < 0.001); OR 8.2)) were significant for the group with giant NAG and a reliable correlation was found between them (p < 0.001).
NFPA, IHC, proliferation markers, correlation.
MICROCLIMATE PROPERTIES OF INDUSTRIAL PREMISES
This paper classifies industrial microclimates based on their impact on workers. It is shown that air movement in industrial spaces is generated by convection currents resulting from uneven heating of air masses from heat sources, which is influenced by outside wind, machinery, mechanisms, and electric motors.
Classification, microclimate, air, temperature, humidity, convection flow, intensity, infrared radiation.
COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT OF FIRE RISK OF POLYMER MATERIALS AND METHODS FOR ITS MINIMIZATION
This study provides a detailed scientific examination of the fire hazards posed by combustible polymer materials, focusing on the physicochemical reactions that occur during their combustion and the associated risk factors in emergency situations. Special emphasis is given to the generation of toxic thermal decomposition products, the intensity of heat release, and the rapid spread of flames. The paper also explores contemporary strategies for mitigating fire-related risks, such as modifying polymers for flame resistance, implementing automated fire detection systems, and utilizing advanced monitoring technologies.
Polymer materials, fire hazard, emergency, thermal decomposition, toxic gases, safety technologies.
PEDAGOGICAL STRATEGIES FOR ENHANCING INTERPERSONAL ACTIVITY IN PRESCHOOL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
The development of interpersonal activity is one of the key aspects of social and psychological growth in preschool children. Educational institutions play an important role in creating conditions that support children's communication, cooperation, and emotional interaction. This study investigates pedagogical strategies used in preschool education to enhance interpersonal activity among children. The research analyzes the effectiveness of interactive teaching methods, cooperative learning activities, and role-playing techniques. Statistical data obtained through classroom observation and teacher evaluation demonstrate that modern pedagogical approaches significantly improve children's social interaction and communication skills. The findings highlight the importance of structured educational environments and teacher guidance in promoting interpersonal competence in early childhood education.
Preschool education, interpersonal activity, pedagogical strategies, social interaction, early childhood development, cooperative learning, communication skills, child psychology, educational methods, social competence.